Assessment of Potential Health Risks Associated with Heavy Metal Contamination in Drinking Water in the Kulim Hi Tech Park (KHTP) Region of Malaysia

Muhamad Radzi Zanon; Ahmad Razali Ishak; Maisarah Nasution Waras; Muhamad Azwat Abdullah; Abdul Rohim Tualeka; Rafeezul Mohamed; Hisham Atan Edinur; Siti Aisyah Mualif; Mohd Yusmaidie Aziz

著者

Muhamad Radzi Zanon Department of Toxicology, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam 13200 Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
Ahmad Razali Ishak Center of Environmental Health & Safety, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia
Maisarah Nasution Waras Department of Toxicology, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam 13200 Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8333-4732
Muhamad Azwat Abdullah Integrative Pharmacogenomics Institute (iPROMISE), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam, 42300, Selangor, Malaysia
Abdul Rohim Tualeka Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Public Health Faculty, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia
Rafeezul Mohamed Department of Biomedical Science, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 13200 Bertam, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2437-4547
Hisham Atan Edinur School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3379-6063
Siti Aisyah Mualif School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
Mohd Yusmaidie Aziz [1]- Department of Toxicology, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam 13200 Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia | [2]- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Public Health Faculty, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2519-3131

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Heavy metals##common.commaListSeparator## Spectroscopy##common.commaListSeparator## Health risk##common.commaListSeparator## Hazard quotient##common.commaListSeparator## Drinking water

要旨

The presence of heavy metals in the environment can have a negative impact on living beings and the environment. This study aimed to evaluate the potential human health risks associated with exposure to heavy metals in drinking water from Kulim Hi-Tech Park (KHTP), Malaysia. Thirty water samples were collected from different locations within and around KHTP, and the concentration of five heavy metals (iron, manganese, zinc, cadmium, and nickel) was determined using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. The mean concentration of these heavy metals ranged from 0.0177 ±0.0017 mg/L to 0.8652 ±0.0606 mg/L, with the mean concentration order being Ni> Fe> Zn > Mn> Cd. Fe, Cd, and Ni exceeded the permissible limits. The Hazard Quotient (HQ) values for Fe, Zn, and Mn were ranked in the order of Fe > Zn > Mn. However, the individual and total HQ and Hazard Index (HI) values were below 1, suggesting no expected negative impact on human health. Nevertheless, the Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk (ELCR) values for Cd and Ni in the entire population of adults and children ranged from 2.35E-02 to 5.79E-03, indicating that the levels of Cd and Ni in water resources in KHTP and its surrounding area may be above safe levels and require proper remediation to minimize the risk to human health. The study presents a baseline for heavy metal contamination in water resources at KHTP and its surrounding areas, underlining the necessity for further research to ensure the safety of the environment and the health of the inhabitants of Kulim.